Category: Marijuana

THC vs CBD: The Beginner’s Guide to Choosing the Right High

What’s the difference between THC and CBD? Will you get high? Is one better for pain, anxiety, or sleep?

With hundreds of products now legally available across Canada, it’s easy to feel overwhelmed. And if you’ve never used cannabis before, terms like “balanced ratio,” “entourage effect,” or “total THC” might sound more like chemistry than wellness.

This beginner-friendly guide breaks it all down. You’ll learn how each compound affects your body, how to read Canadian cannabis labels, how to dose safely, and which formats are best for easing into your cannabis journey.

TL;DR

• Want euphoria? → choose THC-dominant.
• Want clear-headed relief? → choose CBD-dominant.
• Want balance? → start with a 1:1 ratio.

Scroll for dosing charts & product links.

THC 101 – What Beginners Need to Know

THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) is the primary psychoactive ingredient in cannabis. It’s what gives you the sensation of being “high.”1 THC works by binding to cannabinoid receptors in the brain, especially CB1 receptors, which influence mood, memory, pain perception, and coordination.

In small doses, THC can offer pleasurable effects: euphoria, relaxation, heightened sensory perception, and giggles. Some people feel energized and creative; others feel calm and sleepy. The experience depends on your dose, body chemistry, and the type of product you use.

According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, THC can help relieve pain, nausea, and appetite loss, which is why it’s widely used in both medical and recreational cannabis products.

However, THC also has side effects, especially at higher doses. These include dry mouth, dizziness, anxiety, paranoia, rapid heartbeat, and impaired reaction time. It can also impair memory and decision-making temporarily, which is why it’s illegal and dangerous to drive after consuming THC.

Common THC formats in Canada include:

• Dried flower (usually 10–30% THC)
• Vape cartridges (typically 70–90% THC)
• Edibles (depends on the amount of extract added)
• Oils and tinctures (even up to 90% THC)1

These vary in strength, onset time, and duration. Beginners are strongly encouraged to start with low-dose products, particularly edibles with 2.5–5 mg THC or flower under 20% THC.

Try these low-dose 10 mg THC gummies →

CBD 101 – Non-Intoxicating Relief

CBD (cannabidiol) is the second most common compound in cannabis, but unlike THC, it’s not psychoactive. That means it won’t cause a high or impair your thinking.

Harvard Health notes that CBD interacts with the body’s endocannabinoid system in a way that potentially promotes balance, reducing inflammation, calming overactive nerves, and supporting stress relief, without the heady effects of THC.

Common uses for CBD include:

• Managing anxiety and stress
• Reducing inflammation and chronic pain
• Supporting better sleep
• Helping with seizure disorders (e.g., approved CBD medications like Epidiolex)

Many users say CBD makes them feel “normal but better,” calmer, more comfortable, and less reactive to stress. Effects can be subtle, but consistent use over days or weeks may produce noticeable benefits.

CBD is generally safe, but it can interact with certain medications. If you’re taking prescription drugs, check with a healthcare provider before using CBD oils or capsules.

Popular formats in Canada include:

• CBD oils and tinctures (with dropper for sublingual use)
• Softgel capsules (pre-measured doses)
• Topicals (for localized pain or skin issues)
• CBD-rich flower or vape pens

Key Differences at a Glance

A quick way to decide:

☑️Choose THC if you want a euphoric effect and relief from deeper pain or sleep issues.

☑️Choose CBD if you want therapeutic support without any high.

☑️Choose balanced if you want to ease in with a moderate, well-rounded effect.

Feature	THC	CBD	Balanced (1:1)
Psychoactive	Yes	No	Mild
Common Uses	Pain, nausea, sleep	Anxiety, inflammation	Versatile
Side Effects	Anxiety, dry mouth	Dry mouth, diarrhea, reduced appetite,	Moderate
Formats	Flower, edibles	Oils, capsules	Gummies, oils

Reading Canadian Labels

Buying cannabis in Canada means navigating a very specific labelling system. Unlike supplements, cannabis products must include detailed potency information to meet Health Canada standards.

Here’s what to watch for:

• THC vs Total THC: “THC” shows what’s present before heating. “Total THC” includes the amount that becomes active once decarboxylated (heated or digested). This is the number that reflects how much you’ll actually feel.
• CBD vs Total CBD: Same logic. Always check “Total CBD” for actual dosage.

Tips for new users

• Choose products with under 20% THC (for flower and vapes).
• Edibles must contain no more than 10 mg THC per package, by law.
• Look for the Health Canada red THC warning symbol.
• Check the packaging date to avoid stale products.
• A good sign is a provincial excise stamp and lab information.

Bonus: Some products list terpene profiles or strain types (e.g., indica, sativa), which can help guide you based on desired effects.

Choosing the Right High for Your Goal

Matching your cannabis experience to your wellness goals is key to success. Here’s how to make smart pairings based on your intention:

Relax & Sleep

• Go with a THC-dominant indica strain or a 2:1 CBD: THC oil.
• Look for products with terpenes like myrcene or linalool, which promote sedation.
• Best taken in the evening, 30–60 minutes before bed.

Anxiety Relief

• Choose a CBD-dominant formula with less than 10 mg THC.
• Consider a balanced 1:1 product if you tolerate some THC.
• Look for calming terpenes like limonene or beta-caryophyllene.

Daytime Creativity

• Try a hybrid strain or 1:1 gummy.
• Low doses of THC (1–3 mg) can boost mood and open up creative thinking.
• Terpenes like pinene or terpinolene may enhance focus.

Athletic Recovery

• Look into topical CBD creams or CBD capsules for muscle pain.
• Some 1:1 oils can potentially assist with post-exercise inflammation.

Socializing

• A 2:1 CBD: THC edible or low-dose beverage (2.5 mg THC or less) can reduce social anxiety without overwhelming you.
• Look for uplifting strains with mild effects.

Safe Dosing Guidelines (Flower, Vapes, Edibles, Oils)

Cannabis is highly individual. What feels mild to one person might be intense for another. Always start low and go slow.

Format	Starting Dose
Flower	1–2 puffs of ≤20% THC
Vape	1-second pull, wait 15 min
Edible	2.5 mg THC / 10 mg CBD
Oil	0.25 mL (low-THC or 1:1)

What to Remember

• Edibles: Effects can take 30 to 120 minutes. Do not redose early.
• Oils: Effects last 4–8 hours. Start with a quarter dose.
• Flower & Vapes: Onset in minutes, but effects vary by strain.

‼️Avoid combining cannabis with alcohol or sedatives. Never drive or operate machinery after using THC.

Product Picks for Beginners

We’ve selected beginner-friendly products from reputable Canadian producers, available to you at GetKush.

Flower

Banana Jelly (AA) Sativa Dominant Hybrid – 70% Sativa / 30% Indica | THC: 18% – 20%

Sticky Grapes (AA) Indica Dominant Hybrid – 40% Sativa / 60% Indica | THC: 18% – 20%

UK Cheese (AA) Indica  Dominant Hybrid – 20% Sativa / 80% Indica | THC: 18% – 20%

Gummies and Capsules 

Twisted Extracts – Sour Twisted Singles 16 Gummies160mg CBD (Lemon) 10mg/pc 10mg of THC/ per piece

Twisted Extracts Edibles (80mg THC) 8 Gummies80mg THC servings per pack 10mg of THC per piece

Lyfe – THC Capsules (2.5mg) 30 Capsules per pack

CBD Oils 

Faded Extracts – Phoenix Tears (3g) 1g per pack of THC/CBD

Daily Remedy – (200mg CBD)  10 ml | CBD: 200 mg

 

💸Benefit from free shipping for orders above $129!💸

Mixing THC & CBD – Finding Your Ratio

Finding the right THC: CBD ratio is like adjusting the volume on two speakers. The more CBD you include, the more muted and stable the THC effect becomes.

How Ratios Work

• 1:0 (CBD-only) – Great for anxiety, inflammation, and daytime use. No high.
• 1:1 (Balanced) – Mild, manageable high. Effective for pain, stress, or evening use.
• 2:1 (CBD: THC) – Gentle euphoria with CBD to reduce unwanted effects.

Many cannabis users report that CBD “takes the edge off” the high. Some studies also suggest CBD may reduce THC-induced anxiety or paranoia, although more extensive research is required to confirm those findings.4 This makes balanced products ideal for beginners.

Ratio-labelled products are now common across oils, capsules, and edibles. Look for clearly marked ratios and lab-tested results.

Legal & Safety FAQs in Canada

Is CBD legal across Canada without a prescription? 

Yes. CBD is legal nationwide if it is derived from cannabis and sold through a licensed retailer. You don’t need a prescription to buy CBD oil, capsules, or topicals from approved sources.

These products must meet government standards for quality, safety, and THC content and be sold by licensed producers or retailers.

Will CBD show up on a drug test? 

Not usually. Most drug tests don’t screen for CBD. However, full-spectrum products may contain trace amounts of THC, which could trigger a positive result in rare cases.

Can I drive after using CBD? 

If your CBD product contains no THC, you’re likely safe to drive. But if there’s even a small amount of THC, it’s best to wait several hours before getting behind the wheel. When in doubt, don’t drive.

What’s the minimum age to buy cannabis? 

It depends on your province or territory. The legal age is 18 in Alberta, 19 in most provinces, and 21 in Quebec. Always bring ID when buying cannabis products.

References:

1. Health Canada. “About Cannabis.” Government of Canada, 2 Mar. 2018, www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/about.html. 
2. “Cannabis (Marijuana) | National Institute on Drug Abuse.” National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Sept. 2024, nida.nih.gov/research-topics/cannabis-marijuana#relationship-cannabis-mental-health.
3. Grinspoon, Peter. “Cannabidiol (CBD): What We Know and What We Don’t – Harvard Health.” Harvard Health, 24 Aug. 2018, www.health.harvard.edu/blog/cannabidiol-cbd-what-we-know-and-what-we-dont-201808242496. 
4. Boggs, Douglas L, et al. “Clinical and Preclinical Evidence for Functional Interactions of Cannabidiol and Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol.” Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 43, no. 1, 6 Sept. 2017, pp. 142–154, https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2017.209. Accessed 07 Aug. 2025. 

2025 Canadian Cannabis Market Outlook: Sales Trends, Pricing Shifts & Consumer Behaviour

Retail cannabis sales hit C$466.7 million in April 2025, up 6.6% year-on-year, capping off a strong spring for Canada’s maturing legal market. With over 3,700 licensed stores, prices near historic lows, and infused pre-rolls and beverages gaining ground, the industry is shifting rapidly.

This report unpacks the key market signals for brands, investors, and retailers: how legal cannabis sales are tracking nationally, what’s changing in product pricing, and how Canadian consumer preferences continue to evolve post-legalization. 

Based on the latest data from Health Canada, StatCan, and public LPs, here’s what you need to know about where Canada’s cannabis market stands—and where it’s heading.

⭐ TL;DR Snapshot: 2025 at a Glance

• Retail Sales (Q1–Q2): C$1.34B
• Wholesale Flower Price (2025 Forecast): $1.61/g (StratCann)
• Product Mix: Dried flower still leads at 61% share (Statistics Canada)
• Legal Usage: 72% of consumers now buy exclusively legal (StatsCan)

National Sales Growth (2018–2025)

Canada’s cannabis market has continued its post-legalization climb. In FY 2023/24, legal retail sales reached C$5.2 billion, a 11.6% year-over-year increase. Monthly trends reveal a maturing yet active consumer base:

Key Monthly Milestones

• Dec 2024: C$498M (Holiday surge)
• Jan 2025: C$450.3M
• Apr 2025: C$466.7M (+6.6% YoY)1

Expect continued seasonal spikes around gifting periods (December) and long weekends. Though monthly growth is tapering, the overall trajectory remains solid as the market stabilizes.

Provincial Breakdown

Top Provinces by Retail Sales (2023/24)

• Ontario:

• • • Recreational cannabis sales totalled approximately CA$2.1 billion between April 2023 and March 2024.
    • Sales are up 12% compared to the previous year.
    • Ontario has the largest number of cannabis stores in Canada, with about 1,457 stores as of mid-2024.

• Alberta:

• • • Saw the big gain in cannabis sales between 2023 and 2024, with around CA$670 million worth of cannabis sold by March 2024.
    • Has around 400+ stores in key cities like Calgary and Edmonton.

• British Columbia:

• • • Cannabis revenue was CA$574.5 million.
    • Sales increased by 18.3% over the previous year, a rise attributed to new retail stores and an expanded product selection.

• Quebec:

• • • The SQDC, Quebec’s only legal retailer for recreational cannabis, reported CA$662.1 million in sales for 2023-2024.
    • This impressive nine-fold increase since 2018-2019 demonstrates a successful transition of consumers into the legal market.

• Newfoundland and Labrador:

• • • Newfoundland and Labrador’s cannabis market grew by nearly 24% in the 2023-2024 fiscal year, reaching $87.6 million in sales.

Standout Performers

• The highest growth: Manitoba with +23.7% YoY growth
• The highest decline: New Brunswick with –4.2% decline

Alberta and Ontario continue to dominate thanks to dense store networks and consumer familiarity, while Quebec’s strict product rules limit market size.

Product-Mix Shifts

While dried flower remains the leading category, its dominance continues to erode as newer formats gain ground.

StatCan’s latest FY breakdown shows:

Product Category	Market Share (FY 2023/24)	YoY Growth
Dried Flower	61.3%	-3%
Inhaled Extracts	29.3%	+59%
Edibles	4.3%	+5%
Beverages	1.6%	+25.9%

Source: Alcohol and cannabis sales in Canada, April 2023 to March 2024

What’s Driving the Shift?

1. Inhaled Extracts (Vapes, Live Resin, Distillate Pens)
   This category exploded in popularity, now representing nearly a third of retail sales. Innovations in portable vape technology, discreet dosing, and flavour variety have made these products especially appealing to younger consumers, particularly Gen Z. Many brands are also releasing high-THC vape carts with refined terpene profiles and ceramic heating elements, offering smoother hits and better flavour preservation. Convenience and consistent potency are key factors behind this growth.
2. Dried Flower (and Pre-rolls)
   Still the cornerstone of the market, but its share is slipping. While seasoned users remain loyal to flower, many are opting for pre-rolls and infused pre-rolls, which offer ready-to-use convenience and stronger effects. Some LPs have adapted by repositioning flower SKUs into multi-pack formats or blending with concentrates to meet changing expectations.
3. Edibles
   Growth has been modest but steady. With strict 10 mg THC caps still in place, edibles serve a niche segment looking for milder or wellness-focused experiences. Chocolates and gummies continue to dominate, but brands are testing formats like savoury snacks and higher-CBD SKUs.

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4. Beverages
   Still a small share overall, but the fastest-growing format after vapes. A 25.9% YoY increase is driven by improved nano-emulsification tech, allowing faster onset and more predictable effects. Fruit-flavoured drinks lead the pack, outperforming beer- or tea-inspired SKUs. Their social, alcohol-alternative appeal makes them a hit with wellness-focused users and new entrants to cannabis.

Pricing Trends

Retail Snapshot

• Cannabis Price Index: ↓ 2.8% (Mar 2023–Mar 2024)7
• OCS Weighted Wholesale: $3.81/g2
• In-store Avg Price: $6–$7/g2

Retailers are grappling with razor-thin margins as customers chase value. The proliferation of bulk formats, especially 28g flower bags and economy pre-rolls, has shifted price expectations downward. At the same time, shelf price compression is becoming a volume play: many LPs are moving inventory with tight margins or even at a loss, especially for non-premium SKUs.

Wholesale Trends

• 2023: $1.07/g
• 2024: $1.28/g
• 2025 Forecast: $1.61/g (StratCann)

Recent trends in the Canadian cannabis wholesale market show dynamic shifts and maturing industry characteristics, with a strong pivot toward premium and convenient product formats such as pre-rolls. 

Wholesale prices are rising due to supply constraints and quality differentiation, despite broader market revenue dips. Medical cannabis and increasing consumer preference for high-quality products are key growth drivers amid regulatory challenges.

Consumer Behaviour (2023–2025)

Consumer Motivations

The leading reasons Canadians use cannabis in 2025 are recreational/relaxation and wellness. In a 2024 survey of nearly 9,000 users, the #1 cited motivation was relaxation (22% of respondents), followed by sleep improvement (15%) and medical/therapeutic purposes (13%).

Demographics & Segments

Millennials are the primary drivers of cannabis sales in Canada and the US, accounting for almost half of all dollars spent. When combined with Gen Z, these two generations make up the majority of consumers, representing 72.1% of sales in Canada.10

Alt text: Cannabis store with various CBD and THC products.

Legal Retail 

Legal cannabis is becoming the default choice for Canadian consumers. In 2023, 71.7% report buying exclusively from legal sources, up from 55% in 2022.¹¹

Top reasons for choosing legal retail:

• Product safety: 38%
• Convenience: 17%

The average Ontario Cannabis Store (OCS) order value remains stable at $84.48, flat year-over-year.²

Retail Channel & Store Footprint

Key Stats (2025 YTD)

• Total Licensed Stores: 3,76112
• New Licences Q1 2025: +168
• Online Sales Share: 18% nationally

Store growth is decelerating as major markets reach saturation. Urban areas like Toronto and Calgary are seeing modest contraction, while underserved cities (e.g. Mississauga) are catching up fast. Delivery remains crucial in ON & BC.

Regulatory & Tax Environment

Excise Pressure

Producers continue lobbying to replace the flat $1/gram excise tax with a percentage-based model. The $0.01/mg THC levy on edibles is also drawing fire for squeezing margins on low-cost products.13

Regulatory Updates (as of mid‑2025)

Health Canada is actively exploring new regulatory pathways for cannabidiol (CBD) products to be used without a prescription.

• Consultation launched March 7, 2025, with a public comment period that concluded on June 5, 2025. The proposal centers on allowing certain CBD products to be regulated as Natural Health Products (NHPs), enabling over‑the‑counter availability for human use.

Competitive Landscape

• In 2023, Tilray completed its acquisition of HEXO Corp., consolidating two of Canada’s prominent cannabis licensed producers. The merger was expected to generate more than $27 million in annual cost savings through synergies across production, marketing, sales, and distribution, as well as other efficiencies.

Tilray’s financials reinforce this market leadership: the company posted a 10.8% average annual revenue growth over three years, and achieved 11.2% year-over-year growth (from $743M to $827M). Still, industry headwinds persist – Tilray’s latest quarter saw revenue slip 1.4% to $186M, reflecting continued pricing and competitive pressures.

• Aurora: Meanwhile, Aurora Cannabis is navigating a more volatile trajectory. The company reported C$90.5 million in quarterly revenue, with Canadian medical cannabis sales up nearly 50% year-over-year to C$67.8 million. Net loss narrowed to C$17.2 million, an improvement from C$20.3 million the year prior. However, Aurora warned of “temporary declines” in international markets, which it expects will offset domestic medical growth. This outlook triggered a sharp 17% drop in Aurora’s U.S.-traded shares in June 2025, though the stock remains up about 14% year-to-date.

Outlook & Predictions for 2026

Retail Cannabis Sales

Canada’s legal cannabis retail market is projected to grow toward C$6.3 billion by 2026, up from approximately C$4.7 billion in 2022. This trajectory implies continued recovery and expansion, driven by both increased consumer adoption and broadening product offerings.

Wholesale Flower Price Stabilization

Wholesale flower prices have rebounded in recent years, from about $1.07/gram in 2023 to $1.28/gram in 2024. The Canadian Cannabis Exchange projects further stabilization, with prices expected to rise toward C$1.61/gram in 2025—suggesting a price plateau around C$1.60/gram as the market balances supply and demand.

Beverage Share

The cannabis beverage category remains a small but fast-growing part of the industry. Globally, the market was valued at US$1.3 billion in 2024 and is projected to more than double to US$3.1 billion by 2030, reflecting a 16.3% CAGR. Within this, non-alcoholic cannabis beverages are expected to drive the bulk of growth, expanding at a 16.8% CAGR to reach US$2.1 billion, while the alcoholic segment is forecasted to rise at a 15.3% CAGR over the same period.

Key Risks

Illicit Cannabis Market

Canada’s excise tax regime—charged at a floor of $1 per gram or 10% of the producer’s price (whichever is higher)—remains a major burden on licensed producers. Aside from raising costs for legitimate businesses, it contributes to a thriving illicit market that undermines the regulated sector. In mid‑2025, the Cannabis Council of Canada estimated that 25–40% of cannabis sales in Canada remain illicit, demanding urgent attention and reform.

Persistence of Illicit Vapes

Despite significant strides in legal sales penetration, illicit products – especially vapes – remain a persistent threat. Illegal vape cartridges often evade regulatory conformity, contributing to consumer safety risks and revenue leakage. While legalization has made strides in displacing the black market, especially in dried flower, ongoing illicit vape sales continue to undermine regulated channels.

Investment Freeze & Reduced Capital Access

Regulatory uncertainty, high operational costs, and excise tax pressures are squeezing legal operators and deterring investment. Many licensed producers – notably smaller and craft businesses – face roadblocks in accessing capital, stifling growth and innovation within the legal supply chain.

FAQs

Why are cannabis prices still falling? 

Heavy competition, oversupply, and value pack formats are driving prices down. Many LPs are selling below cost to maintain shelf space.

Will the excise tax change in 2026? 

Reform is likely under discussion, especially as industry pressure mounts. No federal update has been confirmed.

Is consumer demand slowing? 

Not exactly. Growth is stabilizing, but consumer spending and product variety are both increasing.

Which province has the highest per-capita spend? 

According to Statistics Canada, in the 2023/2024 fiscal year, Yukon recorded the highest recreational cannabis sales per person of legal age, at approximately C$356. By comparison, Québec had the lowest per-capita sales, at around C$96.

Final Thoughts

Canada’s cannabis market in 2025 is growing, diversifying, and professionalizing. Sales are up, but margins are tight. Consumer behaviour is shifting toward convenience and premium options, while policy discussions around tax and CBD signal change on the horizon.

With pricing stabilizing and store networks nearly saturated, brands that lead in innovation, compliance, and customer loyalty will shape the next chapter.

Have insights or questions about where the market’s heading? Drop a comment below – we’d love to hear your take.

 

References: 

1. March, in. “Canadian Cannabis Sales Bounced in March.” New Cannabis Ventures, 23 May 2025, www.newcannabisventures.com/canadian-cannabis-sales-bounced-in-march/. Accessed 14 Aug. 2025.
2. ONTARIO CANNABIS MARKETPLACE: BY the NUMBERS. 2024. 
3. Brown, David. “Alberta Sold $673.5 Million Worth of Cannabis in 2023-2024.” StratCann, 21 Nov. 2024, stratcann.com/financials/alberta-sold-673-5-million-worth-of-cannabis-in-2023-2024/. Accessed 18 Aug. 2025.
4. Brown, David. “Cannabis Sales Increased in BC in 2023-2024.” StratCann, 3 Sept. 2024, stratcann.com/news/cannabis-sales-increased-in-bc-in-2022-2024/. Accessed 18 Aug. 2025
5. Brown, David. “Quebec’s Cannabis and Hemp Industry: A Detailed Economic Snapshot Reveals Growth, Hurdles, and Future Potential.” StratCann, 4 Aug. 2025, stratcann.com/news/quebecs-cannabis-industry-detailed-economic-snapshot-reveals-growth-hurdles-future-potential/. Accessed 18 Aug. 2025. 
6. Brown, David. “Cannabis Sales up 24% in Newfoundland and Labrador from Last Year.” StratCann, 28 Oct. 2024, stratcann.com/financials/cannabis-sales-up-24-in-newfoundland-and-labrador-from-last-year/. Accessed 18 Aug. 2025.
7. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. “The Daily — Control and Sale of Alcoholic Beverages and Cannabis, April 1, 2022, to March 31, 2023.” Www150.Statcan.gc.ca, 6 Mar. 2024, www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/240306/dq240306a-eng.htm.
8. Brown, David. “Wholesale Flower Prices Expected to Continue to Rebound in 2025, Domestic Market Will Continue to Slow.” StratCann, 31 Jan. 2025, stratcann.com/news/wholesale-flower-prices-domestic-market-2025/. Accessed 18 Aug. 2025.
9. “Cannabis Consumers Want Relaxation | Cannabis Retailer.” Cannabisretailer.ca, 4 Sept. 2024, cannabisretailer.ca/2024/cannabis-consumers-want-relaxation/. Accessed 20 Aug. 2025.
10. Millennials & Gen Z Dominate Sales | Cannabis Retailer. 6 Apr. 2023, cannabisretailer.ca/2023/millennials-gen-z-dominate-sales/.
11. National Cannabis Survey, 2023, https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/240318/dq240318e-eng.pdf?
12. “Cannacurio #112: Dispensary and Retailer Q1 2025 Quarterly Round-up | Cannabiz Media.” Cannabiz.media, 2025, www.cannabiz.media/blog/cannacurio-112-dispensary-and-retailer-q1-2025-quarterly-round-up. Accessed 20 Aug. 2025. 
13. “Delta Optimist.” Delta Optimist, 26 May 2023, www.delta-optimist.com/agriculture/competition-bureau-recommends-changing-thc-limits-for-edibles-easing-pot-packaging-7054958. Accessed 21 Aug. 2025.
14. “Health Canada’s 2025 CBD Proposal: Big Changes Coming​.” MF License and Regulatory Consultants (MFLRC), 12 Aug. 2025, mflrc.com/health-canadas-2025-cbd-proposal-big-changes-coming/. Accessed 21 Aug. 2025.
15. Israel, Solomon. “Marijuana Company Tilray Closes Hexo Acquisition, Eyes Cost Savings.” MJBizDaily, 23 June 2023, mjbizdaily.com/cannabis-company-tilray-closes-hexo-acquisition/. Accessed 21 Aug. 2025. 
16. Team, Trefis. “Tilray Brands: Is TLRY Stock the next Big Thing?” Forbes, 12 Aug. 2025, www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2025/08/12/tilray-brands-is-tlry-stock-the-next-big-thing/.
17. Kessel, Andrew. “Aurora Cannabis Stock Falls as Canadian Producer Expects International Sales to Decline.” Investopedia, 2025, www.investopedia.com/aurora-cannabis-stock-falls-as-canadian-producer-expects-international-sales-to-decline-11756879. Accessed 21 Aug. 2025.
18. “BDSA Forecasts $61B Global Cannabis Market by 2026.” BDSA, 23 Jan. 2025, bdsa.com/press-release/bdsa-reports-global-cannabis-sales-to-jump-22-in-2022-forecasts-61-billion-by-2026/. Accessed 21 Aug. 2025.
19. Cannabis Beverages Business Analysis Report 2025 | Market to Reach $3.1 Billion by 2030 – Legalization and Regulatory Changes Provide the Launchpad for Growth – ResearchAndMarkets.com. 8 July 2025, www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250708997575/en/Cannabis-Beverages-Business-Analysis-Report-2025-Market-to-Reach-%243.1-Billion-by-2030—Legalization-and-Regulatory-Changes-Provide-the-Launchpad-for-Growth—ResearchAndMarkets.com. Accessed 21 Aug. 2025.
20. Cannabis Council of Canada Welcomes the Findings of Deloitte Report and Calls for Change to the Excise Tax to Strengthen Canada’s Legal Cannabis Industry. 21 May 2025, www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250521069718/en/Cannabis-Council-of-Canada-Welcomes-the-Findings-of-Deloitte-Report-and-Calls-for-Change-to-the-Excise-Tax-to-Strengthen-Canadas-Legal-Cannabis-Industry? Accessed 21 Aug. 2025. 
21. Canada,. “The Daily — Control and Sale of Alcoholic Beverages and Cannabis, April 1, 2023 to March 31, 2024.” Statcan.gc.ca, 2023, www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/250307/dq250307b-eng.htm.

Cannabis Side-Effects & Safety: Insights from 2018-2025 Health-Canada Data

TL;DR:

• Mild effects: dizziness, nausea are common.
• Serious reactions: psychosis-like episodes, heart rhythm changes (rare).
• Hospital/ED visits: up 120% since 2007.
• Safety tip: Start ≤2.5 mg THC; store edibles securely.

Health Canada received 631 reports of side effects from legal cannabis products between 2018 and 2023 — a nearly 5-fold increase since legalization.1 While legalization aimed to reduce harm and control quality, it also introduced new safety challenges that continue to evolve.

This article breaks down Health Canada and CIHI data from 2018 to 2025 into clear, practical guidance for recreational users. We cover national adverse reaction reports, hospital and emergency data, the role of edibles and high-THC products, harm-reduction strategies, and how to report problems. 

Whether you’re a first-time consumer or a frequent user, understanding these insights can help reduce risks and improve outcomes.

1. National Side-Effect Reports (2018–2023)

Between 2020 and 2023, reported cannabis side-effects to Health Canada dropped from 287 to 128 total reports.2,3 However, this decline in formal reports may not reflect the true extent of cannabis-related harms.

Why the gap?

• Voluntary reporting by consumers and healthcare providers means many cases likely go unreported.

• Hospitalizations and ED visits, which are captured independently, are still rising, suggesting that many users seek medical help directly instead of reporting via Health Canada channels.

In 2023, over half (52%) of legal product-related reports were considered serious. The most frequent reason? “Other medically important condition.”

Year	Total Reports	Unique Legal Cases	% Serious Cases	Top Seriousness Reason
2020	287	159	Not stated	Mostly for medical use
2021	260	174	60%	Medically important condition
2023	128	56	52%	Medically important condition

Oral consumption, especially via edibles and oils, was the most common route in pediatric cases.

2. Hospitalizations & Emergency Visits (2007–2020)

While formal side-effect reports decreased, hospital data tells a different story. Between 2007 and 2020,4 cannabis-related:

• Hospitalizations increased by 120%

• ED visits rose by 88%
  

In 2020 alone, there were:

• 5,318 cannabis-related hospital stays

• 37,341 ED visits
  

Key health drivers:

• Neuropsychiatric issues like psychosis, hallucinations, and paranoia

• Unintentional injuries, especially among children and older adults
  

Youth aged 0–14 saw the largest spike in cannabis-attributable hospitalizations:

• +247% for girls, +226% for boys
  

Even seniors weren’t spared. Hospitalization rates rose 48–107% in those aged 65+.

3. Top Adverse Reaction Categories

Side-effects vary, but patterns are clear:

Most Common Individual Events (Legal Products)

Symptom	2020	2021	2023
Hallucinations	52	60	—
Dizziness	13	15	5
Nausea	12	21	—
Headache	—	17	7
Vomiting	—	—	5
Anxiety	—	—	3

Top System Organ Class (SOC) Categories – 2020

Category	% of Cases
Psychiatric disorders	23%
Nervous system disorders	15%
Gastrointestinal disorders	13%
General/administration site conditions	15%

Key takeaway: Psychiatric symptoms are the most common reason people report serious cannabis side-effects.

4. Age & Vulnerable Populations

Cannabis doesn’t affect all age groups equally. Certain populations face significantly higher risks due to physiological vulnerability or pre-existing conditions. Canada’s health data shows that youth, older adults, and pregnant individuals are among the most affected, often in ways not immediately visible in casual use.

Youth (under 25)

Despite stable overall use rates in recent years, youth remain at high risk for long-term mental health consequences. Cannabis can disrupt brain development until at least age 25 — affecting memory, decision-making, and emotional regulation.

Risks include:

• Psychosis
• Schizophrenia
• Long-term memory and decision-making deficits
• Higher addiction risk (1 in 6 if cannabis use starts in adolescence)

A 43% increase in edible cannabis use among teens was reported following the legalization of “youth-friendly” edibles like chocolates and gummies.5

This was accompanied by a 34% rise in cannabis smoking and 28% increase in cannabis + alcohol co-use.

Most alarmingly, this period also saw a sharp rise in paediatric emergency room visits, particularly for cannabis poisoning from edibles.

Adults Aged 35–64: A Silent Spike

Older adults are often left out of cannabis safety conversations, but hospital records show this group is seeing substantial increases in cannabis-related harms.

• Between 2019 and 2020, hospitalizations for cannabis-related issues rose by 38% in adults aged 35–64.4

• Common causes include unintentional injuries, psychotic episodes, and complications involving pre-existing health conditions.

This demographic is also more likely to have underlying cardiovascular issues, which can be aggravated by cannabis use, especially high-THC products.

Pregnant and breastfeeding individuals

Health Canada is unequivocal:

There is no known safe amount of cannabis during pregnancy or breastfeeding.6

Cannabis use can:

• Affect fetal brain development
• Increase the risk of low birth weight and developmental delays
• Lead to poor feeding and drowsiness in breastfed infants
  

Health Canada advises zero use during pregnancy or breastfeeding.

5. Edibles, Extracts & High-THC Trends

Edibles pose some unique risks. Although they’re often marketed as a “gentler” or more discreet way to consume cannabis, their pharmacology and packaging make them one of the most common causes of accidental overconsumption, especially among inexperienced users and children.

• Delayed onset (30 mins–2 hrs) → Edibles have a delayed onset of 30 minutes to 2 hours, sometimes longer depending on the individual’s metabolism, what they’ve eaten, and other factors.

• Long duration → The full effects can take up to 4 hours to peak, and the intoxication can last 6–12 hours, with residual effects lasting into the next day.

• Stronger effects → Liver converts THC to 11-hydroxy-THC, which is more intoxicating
  

The Legal 10 mg THC Limit (and Why It’s Still a Problem)

Canada’s Cannabis Regulations mandate that each edible cannabis product sold legally may contain a maximum of 10 mg of THC per package. However, this rule doesn’t always mean a single, clearly dosed item.

Many legal products come in multi-piece packs — for example:

• A chocolate bar split into 5 pieces (2 mg each)
  
• Gummies packaged as 4 x 2.5 mg pieces

Microdose Chart for Edibles

THC Dose	Effects	Recommendation
2.5 mg	Mild, beginner-friendly	Start here
5 mg	Moderate high, more intense	Wait 2+ hours to feel
10 mg	Strong effects, long-lasting	Not for first-timers

6. Harm-Reduction Checklist (Canada 2025)

Explore our low-potency starter bundle →

To reduce the risk of side effects, accidents, and long-term harm, follow these evidence-based safety tips endorsed by Health Canada and other public health authorities:

1. Check THC/CBD content on the label
   Always read product labels carefully. Look for the exact THC and CBD amounts, and avoid unlabelled or homemade products where potency is unknown or inconsistent.

2. Start low (≤20% THC flower, ≤2.5 mg edibles)
   First-time or infrequent users should start with low-THC products. For edibles, begin with no more than 2.5 mg of THC and wait at least 2 hours before redosing.

3. Don’t mix cannabis with alcohol or sedatives
   Combining cannabis with alcohol, opioids, or anxiety medications increases the risk of over-sedation, impaired judgment, and serious accidents. Avoid poly-substance use to stay safe.

4. Store edibles in child-proof containers
   Keep cannabis products locked away, out of reach and sight of children. Store in original, child-resistant packaging and never leave edibles out in kitchens or fridges.

5. Avoid cannabis while pregnant or breastfeeding
   THC crosses the placenta and is found in breast milk. It may harm fetal brain development or cause feeding and developmental issues in breastfed infants.

6. Skip driving or operating machinery after use
   Cannabis impairs reaction time, attention, and coordination. Even if you feel “okay,” residual effects can last 24 hours and significantly increase accident risk.

7. Use legal products only (regulated, labeled, child-resistant)
   Legal cannabis products are tested for potency and contaminants, and come in standardized packaging. Illegal or homemade products may contain unsafe levels of THC or harmful additives.

8. If smoking, avoid holding breath or deep inhalation
   Inhaling deeply or holding smoke increases toxin absorption without improving effects. Take shallow puffs and consider vaping or edibles as lower-risk alternatives.

9. Avoid frequent use (daily or almost daily)
   Frequent cannabis use raises the risk of dependence, memory problems, anxiety, and psychosis. Take regular breaks and monitor your mental and physical well-being.

10. Educate yourself with reliable sources
    Stay informed using evidence-based resources from Health Canada or provincial health authorities. Avoid relying on anecdotal advice or misinformation found on social media.

“Start low, go slow” isn’t just a saying — it’s the cornerstone of cannabis safety in Canada.

7. When to Seek Medical Help

Call 911 or Poison Control immediately if you or someone else experiences:

• Chest pain or rapid heartbeat
• Hallucinations or delusions
• Loss of consciousness or seizures
• Persistent vomiting
• Respiratory trouble
• Confusion, severe anxiety, or psychosis

Special Case: Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS)

CHS is a condition marked by:

• Cyclical vomiting
• Severe abdominal pain
• Relief only with hot showers
• Recovery only through complete cessation of cannabis

Reminder: Naloxone (used for opioid overdoses) does not work for cannabis-related incidents.

8. How to Report a Side-Effect

If you or someone else experiences an adverse effect from cannabis:

Steps to report:

1. Save product packaging (with batch number and details)

2. Visit Health Canada’s Cannabis Reporting Form

3. Provide:
   
   • Age, sex, medical history
   • Product type and seller (if known)
   • Symptoms and outcomes
     
4. Upload photos or documents if needed
   

Reporting helps regulators identify dangerous products and issue recalls. Your input directly contributes to safer public use.

9. FAQs

Can you overdose on cannabis?

Not fatally, but yes, you can consume too much. Symptoms may include confusion, paranoia, fast heartbeat, hallucinations, and nausea.

Does CBD have side effects?

Yes. In high doses, diarrhea, fatigue, liver issues, and drug interactions are possible. Avoid during pregnancy or if taking medications.

Are hospital visits still rising?

Yes — hospitalizations and ED visits increased significantly from 2007–2020. Rates plateaued in 2021–2023 but remain high.

How long do side effects last?

• Smoked: Peak at 30 mins, last ~6 hrs
• Edibles: Peak at 2–4 hrs, last up to 12 hrs
• Residual effects may persist 24+ hours
  

Compliance & Disclaimer

This article is for informational purposes only and is not medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider regarding cannabis use.

Staying Safe While Exploring Cannabis in Canada

Cannabis use in Canada has evolved rapidly since legalization — but so have the challenges around public health, product safety, and consumer awareness. While most side effects are mild, serious outcomes like psychosis, accidental pediatric ingestion, and hospitalisation are real concerns, especially with high-THC products and edibles.

At GetKush, we believe that quality cannabis should be accessible, trustworthy, and responsibly enjoyed. 

As one of Canada’s leading online dispensaries, we offer a wide selection of products, including THC flower, edibles, and high-grade extracts. 

Ready to explore premium cannabis with confidence?

Browse our curated collections now at GetKush

References:

1. Public. “Key Findings – Cannabis-Related Side Effects — Canada.ca.” Canada.ca, 2018, health-infobase.canada.ca/cannabis/side-effects/.
2. “Data on Cannabis Adverse Reactions: 2020 Annual Report.” Www.canada.ca, 16 Dec. 2022, www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/drugs-health-products/data-cannabis-adverse-reactions-2020-annual-report.html.
3. Canada, Health. “Data on Cannabis Adverse Reactions: 2023 Annual Report – Canada.ca.” Canada.ca, 2023, www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/drugs-health-products/data-cannabis-adverse-reactions-2023-annual-report.html. 
4. Malam, Raadiya, et al. “Trends in Cannabis-Attributable Hospitalizations and Emergency Department Visits: Data from the Canadian Substance Use Costs and Harms Study (2007–2020).” Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada, vol. 45, no. 6, June 2025, pp. 265–276, https://doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.45.6.01. Accessed 20 June 2025. 
5. Beard, McKenzie. “The “Quite Scary” Reality ER Docs Are Seeing as Teen Cannabis Edible Use Rose by 43% amid Legalization.” New York Post, 18 Apr. 2025, nypost.com/2025/04/18/health/teen-weed-edible-use-is-up-er-doc-warns-of-scary-reality/.
6. Canada, Health. “Thinking about Using Cannabis before or during Pregnancy?” Aem, 17 Oct. 2018, www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/health-effects/before-during-pregnancy.html.